A Survey of Ward Behaviour of Long Stay Psychiatric Patients
Dr E B McGregor

Summary

i) Nine wards in Hospital Bahagia, with a total of 261 patients were assessed using a Ward Restrictiveness and a Ward Behaviour Scale.

(ii) The degree of restriction was high on all wards, but highest in those with the greatest patient/senior staff ratio.

(iii) Habitual socially unacceptable behaviour was much less evident in working patients.

(iv) The implications of some of the findings are discussed.

A Study on Mental Retardation in Malaysian Children
Dr Rebecca George*, Dr Yong Hoi Sen**, Mrs Grace Lim***, Mr Lim Ju Boo*, *Division of Rural Health and Behavioural Research, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, **Division of Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, ***University of Indonesia

Summary
This is a small survey of 120 cases of mentally retarded children. From the analysis, it was found :

1. Neonatal Jaundice and Kernicterus is a preventable cause of mental retardation. It still occurs. The early recognition, dangers and proper management have to be stressed to medical and paramedical staff, especially in the rural area.
   
2. Associated Gross Speech Defect was seen in 33 cases. Proper facilities for speech training in these children will greatly benefit them.
   
3. Genetic counseling is recommended for cases having specific chromosomal abnormalities :

   (a) particularly in young mothers below 25 years of age with one Mongol child (of Trisomy G type) since there is a 50 fold increase in the random risk of her having another Mongol child (8).

   (b) Mothers having translocation type of Mongol children.

4. Proper psychological testing and psychotherapy can play a very important role in the management of these children.
   
5. A more detailed and comprehensive study covering the whole of Malaysia should be carried out.

Smoking Habits Among Medical Students in the University of Malaya
I Pathmanathan, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Malaya

Summary
In a study during 1972 of smoking habits of Malaysian medical students, smoking rates of medical students was seen to be higher than that of students in four other faculties in the University of Malaya. Male Malaysian medical students had higher smoking rates than their counterparts in Glasgow in 1971 but Malaysian females had very low smoking rates. Despite the fact that in the medical curriculum, students are made aware of the scientific evidence on the health hazards of smoking, smoking rates were higher in students in their later years of study. Ethnicity was associated with smoking rates although father's smoking habit was not - and Malays had the highest smoking rates.

Some Observations of the Typhoid Outbreak in Sungai Padang, Perlis
Dr Narinderpal Singh, Dr V Menon, Hospital Besar, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia

Summary
Typhoid or Enteric fever is a common problem encountered by doctors in Perlis. It occurs all the year round and has been to be considered in the differential diagnosis of any pyrexia of unknown origin. From July to September 1974, there occurred an outbreak of typhoid fever in a small village called Sungai Padang that is situated about 10 miles south of Kangar. The outbreak was investigated by the Health Department and was considered to have arisen from a feast or "kenduri" that was held in June 1974. The aim of this Paper is to present some of the clinical features of this outbreak.

A Rational Approach to Infant Feeding in the Management of Sugar Intolerance Associated with Infantile Enteritis
Dr C P Chua, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur

Summary

Analysis of 2-Category Data from Two Matched Samples
James Lee, Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, University of Singapore, Outram Hill, Singapore 3

Summary
The objectives of this article are as follows :

1. To survey some statistical methods that are relevant for the analysis of dichotomous data from two grouped-matched samples.
   
2. By means of a numerical example, to illustrate Berkson's (1968) minimum logit chi-square method. This method is, in my opinion, most useful in terms of computational simplicity and accuracy.
   
3. To facilitate computations, I have written a FORTRAN program of the Berkson analysis. The program, along with detailed user's instructions, is available upon request.
   
   

Results of a Modified Transvesical Prostatectomy - A Review of 100 Cases
G A Sreenevasan*, D D Chelvanayagam**, R Vijeyarasa**, *Sreene Kelinik Urologi, Medical Specialist Centre, Campbell Kompleks, 98 Jalan Campbell, Kuala Lumpur 01-09, **Department of Urology and Nephrology, Hospital Besar, Kuala Lumpur

Summary
A review of 100 cases of transvesical prostatectomy using a modified technique for the reconstruction of the prostatic floor after enucleation of the prostate is presented. Post-operative complication, the length of hospital stay, and the long-term follow-up of these cases is discussed. Transvesical enucleation of the prostate with suture of the bladder neck to the prostatic capsule is shown to be a safe and effective method for dealing with benign enlargement of the prostate.

X-Ray Diagnosis in Urinary Tract Infection
Dr Indran Devadason, Radiologist, District Hospital, Taiping, Perak, Malaysia

Summary
Since repeated upper urinary tract infection may be due to underlying abnormalities, simple radiological techniques play an important role in diagnosis.

Certain Aspects of Hystero-Salpingography
Lim Thin Peng, Thomas Ng Khoon Fong, Department of O & G, General Hospital, Kuala Lumpur

Summary
A review of 129 cases of Hysterosalpingography (HSG) performed during the 5-year period (1969-1973) in the Hospital Bersalin, Kuala Lumpur, disclosed that the main indication was for infertility investigation. Fourteen patients conceived within one year after HSG. Two cases of complications were noted. The application of HSG, its diagnostic and possible therapeutic value in infertility, its pitfalls in diagnosis and its potential complications are discussed and the available literature reviewed.

The Place of Bactrim and Vibramycin in Acute Salpingitis
Allan Ng

Summary
Both Bactrim and Vibramycin have been used for the treatment of genitourinary infections with some success - 1 + 2. In our study, however, Vibramycin was not efficacious in the treatment of acute salpingits as the failure rate was high (27%). It was found that Bactrim was a better antibiotic to use as it had a higher success rate (85%). There were no significant side effects with both the drugs.

Episiotomy Repair : A Comparison of Catgut and Polyglycolic Acid Sutures
Dr Wong Wai Ping, Dr Teoh Soong Kee, Department of O & G, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur

Summary
It would seem that polyglycolic acid sutures had considerable advantage over chromic catgut sutures in episiotomy repair. This is especially seen in the low incidence of episiotomy discomfort and pain. The degree of pain, when present was less. This was also reflected in the greater ease and freedom of movement after episiotomies with polyglycolic acid sutures when compared with chromic catgut (p < 0.01).

The Grossly Enlarged or "Missing" Sella
W K Wong, Department of Radiology, University Hospital, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur

Summary
Six cases of grossly enlarged sella are discussed. The cases include chromphobe adenoma, cranio-pharyngioma, aqueduct stenosis, meningioma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and the empty sella syndrome. The plain film findings and the appropriate specialised neuroradiological investigations are discussed. An attempt has been made to correlate the changes in and around the sella turcica on plain films to serve as a pointer towards the nature of the pathological processes. This will influence the selection of the ideal investigation or investigations necessary to demonstrate the extent and the pathology of the tumour.

The Incidence of Pineal Calcification in the Adult Singapore Population
C L Oon, Radiologist, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 3

Summary
The incidence of pineal calcification is appreciably lower in the adult community of Singapore when compared with similar groups in the Western population. It is found to range from approximately 20% in the 20-29 age group to 40% in the 60 and over age group with a weighted mean incidence of 30%. The low frequency of pineal calcification is well known among local radiologists but it seems to have escaped formal investigation. The low incidence poses a handicap as radiologists are more often deprived of a simple and valuable means of detecting brain shift.